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ERCOT vs PJM: how grid design shapes your bill

Policy

ERCOT is energy-only. PJM has capacity markets. This single design difference produces $20-60 a month bill divergence in extreme weeks. Why.

Harry Parker

Energy Consultant, Seenra Inc

Policy11 min readPublished

Featured infographic

ERCOT energy-only vs PJM capacity-plus-energy

ERCOT: pay for energy delivered only. PJM: pay for capacity available + energy delivered. Different economics.

Open graph image · /og/switch-flow.png

ERCOT is the only major US wholesale market without a capacity market. PJM, ISO-NE, NYISO, MISO, and CAISO all run capacity markets. ERCOT pays generators only for energy delivered (energy-only market). PJM also pays for capacity availability. During extreme weather, ERCOT energy prices spike to clear the system. PJM caps the energy spike but charges customers for the capacity insurance year-round.

How energy-only markets work

ERCOT pays generators only for energy actually delivered. No payment for capacity availability outside of delivery.

During scarcity, ERCOT prices rise to a $9/kWh emergency cap. The high prices signal the need for new generation. Investors build generation expecting to capture future scarcity prices.

How capacity markets work

PJM pays generators for capacity available (whether dispatched or not) on top of energy delivered. The capacity payment is set by auction.

Customers pay the capacity charge year-round regardless of weather. PJM energy prices are typically lower during scarcity because generators are already paid for availability.

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Common questions

Quick answers from the editorial desk

Why does Texas not have a capacity market?
Texas legislative decision in the 1990s to deregulate as energy-only. The argument: scarcity pricing signals are sufficient to incentivize generation investment. The 2021 Uri event challenged this assumption.
ISO-NE vs PJM design?
Both have capacity markets. ISO-NE uses Forward Capacity Auction. PJM uses Base Residual Auction. Similar mechanics; different specific rules.
NYISO design?
NYISO has both capacity and energy markets, similar to PJM. The capacity market is called Installed Capacity (ICAP).
Which design is more reliable?
Mixed evidence. PJM has had fewer outage events but pays year-round capacity charges. ERCOT has had higher-profile outages (Uri) but lower steady-state costs.

Further reading

Pillar guide, cluster siblings, and state pages cited above

Sources

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